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OBJECTIVE：To study the improvement eff ects and its mech anism of Guiyuan decoction formula granules （GDFG） on model mice with decreased ovarian reserve （DOR）. METHODS ：Totally 42 female ICR mice whith with normal estrous cycle were randomly divided into control group ，model group ，estradiol valerate group （positive control ，0.15 mg/kg）and GDFG low-dose，medium-dose and high-dose groups （0.75，1.49，2.98 g/kg），with 7 mice in each group. Except for control group ，other groups were given cisplatin （3 mg/kg）intraperitoneally to establish DOR model. After modeling ，administration groups were given relevant medicine intragastrically；model group and control group were given normal saline intragastrically ，once a day ，for consecutive 4 weeks. After last administration ，ELISA assay was used to measure the serum levels of anti-Müllerian hormone （AMH）and follicle-stimulating hormone （FSH）in mice. Histopathological morphology of ovarian was observed by HE staining. Protein distribution of AMH receptor Ⅱ（AMHRⅡ）and Smad 4 in ovarian tissue were observed by immunohistochemistry. Protein expression of AMHR Ⅱ and Smad 4 were detected by Western blot assay. RESULTS ：Compared with control group ，theserum level of AMH ，the expression of AMHR Ⅱ and Smad 4 protein in ovarian tissue in model group were significantly decreased （P＜0.01），while the FSH level in serum was significantly increased （P＜0.01）；follicles were crumpled and lost nucleus ，ovarian interstitial were fibrosis ，luteum were loose ； AMHRⅡ and Smad 4 protein in ovarian tissue were mainly distributed in the follicle membrane and ovarian interstitial. Compared with model group ，the serum level of AMH ，the expression of AMHR Ⅱ and Smad 4 protein in ovarian tissue was increased significantly in GDFG groups （P＜0.01），while the serum level of FSH was decreased significantly （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）；in ovarian tissue ，follicles at all levels could be found and follicle morphology was improved ，and no obvious nuclear loss and cumulus formation were found ；AMHRⅡ and Smad 4 protein were mainly distributed in the follicular nucleus （except for GDFG high-dose group) and the granular cell membrane （mainly distributed in the sinus follicles of GDFG medium-dose group ）；they were slightly distributed around the mature follicular nucleus or in corpus luteum. CONCLUSIONS ：GDFG can improve ovarian function of DOR model mice. The mechanism may be related with promoting serum level of AMH ，protein expression of AMHR Ⅱ and Smad 4，improving the distribution of AMHR Ⅱ and Smad 4 protein in ovarian granulosa cell membrane and follicular nucleus ， reducing FSH levels.
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BackgroundAs part of on-going efforts to contain the COVID-19 pandemic, understanding the role of asymptomatic patients in the transmission system is essential to infection control. However, optimal approach to risk assessment and management of asymptomatic cases remains unclear. MethodsThis study involved a SEINRHD epidemic propagation model, constructed based on epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in China, accounting for the heterogeneity of social network. We assessed epidemic control measures for asymptomatic cases on three dimensions. Impact of asymptomatic cases on epidemic propagation was examined based on the effective reproduction number, abnormally high transmission events, and type and structure of transmission. ResultsManagement of asymptomatic cases can help flatten the infection curve. Tracking 75% of asymptomatic cases corresponds to an overall reduction in new cases by 34.3% (compared to tracking no asymptomatic cases). Regardless of population-wide measures, family transmission is higher than other types of transmission, accounting for an estimated 50% of all cases. ConclusionsAsymptomatic case tracking has significant effect on epidemic progression. When timely and strong measures are taken for symptomatic cases, the overall epidemic is not sensitive to the implementation time of the measures for asymptomatic cases.
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SummaryO_ST_ABSBackgroundC_ST_ABSResearch papers related to COVID-19 have exploded. We aimed to explore the academic value of preprints through comparing with peer-reviewed publications, and synthesize the parameter estimates of the two kinds of literature. MethodWe collected papers regarding the estimation of four key epidemiological parameters of the COVID-19 in China: the basic reproduction number (R0), incubation period, infectious period, and case-fatality-rate (CFR). PubMed, Google Scholar, medRxiv, bioRxiv, arRxiv, and SSRN were searched by 20 March, 2020. Distributions of parameters and timeliness of preprints and peer-reviewed papers were compared. Further, four parameters were synthesized by bootstrap, and their validity was verified by susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered-dead-cumulative (SEIRDC) model based on the context of China. Findings106 papers were included for analysis. The distributions of four parameters in two literature groups were close, despite that the timeliness of preprints was better. Four parameter estimates changed over time. Synthesized estimates of R0 (3{middle dot}18, 95% CI 2{middle dot}85-3{middle dot}53), incubation period (5{middle dot}44 days, 95% CI 4{middle dot}98-5{middle dot}99), infectious period (6{middle dot}25 days, 95% CI 5{middle dot}09-7{middle dot}51), and CFR (4{middle dot}51%, 95% CI 3{middle dot}41%-6{middle dot}29%) were obtained from the whole parameters space, all with p<0{middle dot}05. Their validity was evaluated by simulated cumulative cases of SEIRDC model, which matched well with the onset cases in China. InterpretationPreprints could reflect the changes of epidemic situation sensitively, and their academic value shouldnt be neglected. Synthesized results of literatures could reduce the uncertainty and be used for epidemic decision making. FundingThe National Natural Science Foundation of China and Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation. Research in contextO_ST_ABSEvidence before this studyC_ST_ABSSince its outbreak, scientific articles about the COVID-19 have greatly surged, with a significant portion as non-peer-reviewed preprints. Although preprints captured great attention, the credibility of preprints was widely debated. We searched PubMed and Google on March 20, 2020, for publications that discussed the preprints during the COVID-19 pandemic, using the terms ("preprints" AND "COVID-19"). We identified 12 papers and news, and found that scientists were skeptical of preprints mainly because rigorous peer review is absent and thus the conclusions of preprints may not be reliable. However, scientists opinions could have been biased towards limited data, and there is few knowledges about the validity of the results reported in the preprints. Further, to examine how scientists utilize results of preprints, taking the epidemiological parameter estimation as the objects, we searched reviews on Google using the terms ("epidemiology" AND ("meta-analysis" OR "reviews") AND "COVID-19") on May 23, 2020. Nine papers were identified. We found that existing meta-analysis and reviews included few preprints. This may be due to the fact that the quality of preprints was not recognized, and thus their academic value was underestimated. Overall, the validity of the results as reported in the preprints should be further examined and the potential of synthesizing preprints with formally published papers should be explored. Added value of this studyOur study adds value in four main ways. First, we collected preprints and peer-reviewed papers on estimations of the four most important epidemiological parameters (the basic reproduction number, incubation period, infectious period, and case-fatality-rate) for the COVID-19 outbreak in China. 106 papers were included and available data were extracted. Second, we quantitatively compared the differences and timeliness between preprints and peer-reviewed publications in the estimation of the four parameters, and found that the validity of the preprints estimations was largely consistent with that of the peer-reviewed group. Third, we synthesized the estimations of the two groups of literatures using bootstrap method, and found that the values of infectious period and case-fatality-rate decreased over time, indicating that the synthesized results timely reflected the changing trend of the COVID-19 in China. Finally, the practicability of the synthesized parameter estimations was verified by the data of confirmed cases in China. The cumulative infection curve simulated using synthesized parameters fitted the real data well. Implications of all the available evidenceResults of our study indicate that the validity of the COVID-19 parameter estimations of the preprints is on par with that of peer-reviewed publications, and the preprints are relatively timelier. Further, the synthesized parameters of the two literature groups can effectively reduce the uncertainty and capture the patterns of epidemics. These results provide data-driven insights into the academic value of preprints, which have been arguably underestimated. The scientific community should actively capitalize the collective wisdom generated by the huge amount of preprints, particularly during the emerging infectious diseases like the COVID-19.
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Objective To analyze the trend and epidemiological features of human brucellosis from 2010 to 2016 in Weinan,Shaanxi Province,and to provide scientific data for effective control of human brucellosis.Methods The data were obtained from the China Disease Surveillance Information Management System and the brucellosis monitoring and epidemic survey of Weinan City from 2010 to 2016.The "three distribution" of brucellosis,the positive rate of serological test of the key group and the infecting route of the epidemic were analyzed using descriptive epidemiology method.Results A total of 1 624 brucellosis cases were reported in Weinan City from 2010 to 2016 and none death case occurred.The morbidity rose from 1.96/100 000 in 2010 to 11.16/100 000 in 2014.The morbidity fallen from 5.46/100 000 in 2015 to 3.33/100 000 in 2016.The reported cases distributed in 10 counties of Weinan and mainly concentrated in Dali County (682 cases),Chengcheng County (269 cases) and Pucheng County (225 cases),accounting for 72.41％ (1 176/1 624).There were brucellosis occurring in all months of the year.The age group distributed mainly from 40 to 64 years old which accounted for 63.67％ (1 034/1 624) of the total reported cases.The peasants accounted for 91.75％ (1 490/1 624) in all cases.Men were significantly higher than women and the morbidity ratio of male to female was 3.28 ∶ 1.00 (1 245 ∶ 379).A total of 15 126 key occupational persons were tested and the positive rate of serology was 2.21％ (335/15 126) annually.The feeding and delivery process were the main ways of infection.Conclusions The brucellosis epidemic in Weinan shows a trend from rise to decline.The middle-aged male peasants account for major population in all cases and the ways of infection are diversified.
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Objective To investigate the current status of nurses'' needlestick injuries during venous blood sampling, evaluate effective prevention strategies.Methods A stratified cluster sampling method was used to investigate clinical nurses in China by questionnaire, contents of questionnaire included the general information of nurses, training and management on venous blood sampling among nursing staff, adherence to wearing gloves before blood sampling, the occurrence of needlestick injuries during the process of venous blood sampling in the past year and so on.Results A total of 2 861 questionnaires were distributed, and 2 575 valid questionnaires were recovered.93.17％ of the investigated nurses had participated in the training of venous blood sampling regularly;87.15％ received regular check of venous blood sampling;before venous blood sampling, only 72.74％ knew whether the patient had bloodborne infectious disease;only 61.01％ wore gloves during blood sampling.Incidence of needlestick injuries during venous blood sampling was 20.78％ in the past year.There was no significant differences in the incidence of needlestick injuries when using 3 different types of needles(Pearson x2=1.649, P=0.438).48.21％ of needlestick injuries occurred during disposing medical waste.Conclusion The training and management on nurses'' venous blood sampling is better in China, but incidence of needlestick injuries is still high.It is necessary to formulate safety operation regulations of venous blood sampling, standardize the operation procedures and specify the contents of training, so as to correct nurses'' unsafe behavior during venous blood sampling.
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Objective To analyze the published articles on the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and catch the recent research hot topics.Methods Literature searching on the etiology of RA was conducted through PubMed database of US Congress Library of Medicine published in past five years.Bibliographic Item CO-Occurrence Matrix Builder (BICOMB) to bibliometric analysis and statistical product and service solutions (SPSS) 19.0 were used for cluster analysis and plotting strategic coordinate figure.Results Four research hot topics were identified by analyzing the keywords:① Therapeutic and adverse effects of antirheumatic agents;② Genetics and complications of RA;③ Immunity of autoantigens and autoantibodies in RA;④ Immune cells and microRNAs in RA.Conclusion Researches on RA etiology have developed steadily,with different current status and developing tendency,which provides reference for related studies.
